Teaching English Past Tense Pronunciation to ESL Learners
Teaching English past tense pronunciation is probably one of the more challenging parts of teaching the Simple Past to ESL students. It's certainly one of the more difficult things for students studying English to master. However, with a few simple pronunciation tips, ESL teachers can effectively design lesson plans and ESL learners can master pronunciation of the challenging "-ed" endings of Past Tense verbs and past participles.
When teaching English past tense pronunciation for regular Simple Past verbs, ESL and EFL students have to first be taught to add "-ed" to the end of the base form of the verb. This is easy enough for forming and spelling regular past tense verbs; the problem with pronunciation arises because students are often taught (or observe) that the "-ed" ending adds another syllable to the word. And then they always add another syllable to the past tense of the verb. For example, "worked" is erroneously pronounced "work/id/" with two syllables, instead of just one, "work/t/."
A second syllable with the "-ed" ending is only necessary when the last sound (not the last letter) is a /t/ or /d/, for example, "wanted," "decided," "needed," or "invited." The last sound for the words "want" and "invite" is /t/. The last sound for the words "decide" and "need" is /d/. These two sounds require that the added -ed ending be pronounced with an additional syllable.
Three Different Pronunciations for Words Ending with "-ed"
For English past tense pronunciation of regular verbs, the "-ed" ending has the following three distinct pronunciations:
/id/
/t/
/d/
Teaching English Past Tense Pronunciation— /id/ Endings
Deciding when to use the /id/ pronunciation is pretty simple. The English as a Second Language student just needs to remember that this Past Tense ending is only used for verbs ending with a /t/ or /d/ sound, as discussed above.
The learner also needs to know that this is the only ending that is pronounced with an additional syllable.
Examples of /id/ Endings for Past Tense Verbs
"want" becomes "wanted" and is pronounced "want/id/" (two syllables)
"need" becomes "needed" and is pronounced "need/id/" (two syllables)
"decide" becomes "decided" and is pronounced "decide/id/" (three syllables)
"dedicate" becomes "dedicated" and is pronounced "dedicate/id/" (four syllables)
Teaching English Past Tense Pronunciation— /t/ and /d/ Endings
A lesson plan teaching ESL students how to differentiate between past tense verbs with a /t/ ending and a /d/ ending is a bit more difficult. Many students will think that it is just a matter of memorizing which letters at the end of the word (the base form of the verb) take a /t/ and which take a /d/. This strategy will work for many verbs, but not all.
The better pronunciation rule is to teach ESL students how to distinguish between
voiced and unvoiced sounds.
The "-ed" ending of unvoiced sounds takes on a /t/. Voiced sounds take on a /d/.
Examples of /t/ Endings for Past Tense Verbs
"laugh" becomes "laughed" and is pronounced "laugh/t/" (one syllable)
"walk" becomes "walked" and is pronounced "walk/t/" (one syllable)
"kiss" becomes "kissed" and is pronounced "kiss/t/" (one syllable)
"finish" becomes "finished" and is pronounced "finish/t/" (two syllables)
Examples of /d/ Endings for Past Tense Verbs
"clean" becomes "cleaned" and is pronounced "clean/d/" (one syllable)
"dream" becomes "dreamed" and is pronounced "dream/d/" (one syllable; note that "dreamt" is the British English version of the past tense of "dream")
"save" becomes "saved" and is pronounced "save/d/" (one syllable)
"enjoy" becomes "enjoyed" and is pronounced "enjoy/d/" (two syllables)
"marry" becomes "married" and is pronounced "marry/d/" (two syllables)
A lesson plan teaching English past tense pronunciation can mostly involve drills to help the student choose the correct ending and also to hear the differences between "-ed" endings.
You can also give the student a list of the endings that take /t/ or /d/ sounds. ESL students often feel more comfortable memorizing such a list, but as I mentioned above, memorization will not work for all situations.
While a list will help with a lot of verbs, it's better to have the back-up rule on the
voiced or unvoiced -ed ending
that the ESL student can always rely on for correct English past tense pronunciation.
Exceptions to the "-ed" Endings Rules
OK. It's English so you know that there are going to be exceptions! If you are teaching your students pronunciation of the past participles of some verbs that are being used as adjectives, then a second syllable will be added even if the base form does not end in a /t/ or /d/ sound, and the "-ed" ending will be pronounced as /id/.
Common past participles used as adjectives with an additional syllable are: aged, blessed, crooked, dogged, learned, ragged, and wretched.
Fortunately, this exceptions doesn't apply to teaching pronunciation of English past tense verbs, just past participles when they are used as adjectives.
